Biased Urn Model Distributions

Description

Statistical models of biased sampling in the form of univariate and multivariate noncentral hypergeometric distributions, including Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution (also called extended hypergeometric distribution).

These are distributions that you can get when taking colored balls from an urn without replacement, with bias. The univariate distributions are used when there are two colors of balls. The multivariate distributions are used when there are more than two colors of balls.

The (central) univariate and multivariate hypergeometric distribution can be obtained by setting odds = 1.

Please see vignette("UrnTheory") for a definition of these distributions and how to decide which distribution to use in a specific case.

Details

Univariate functions in this package

Multivariate functions in this package

Note

The implementation cannot run safely in multiple threads simultaneously

Author(s)

Agner Fog

Maintainer: Agner Fog <agner@agner.org>

References

https://www.agner.org/random/

Fog, A. 2008a. Calculation methods for Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790269

Fog, A. 2008b. Sampling methods for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distributions. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790236

See Also

BiasedUrn-Univariate.
BiasedUrn-Multivariate.
vignette("UrnTheory")
demo(CompareHypergeo)
demo(ApproxHypergeo)
demo(OddsPrecision)
demo(SampleWallenius)
dhyper
fisher.test

Examples

dWNCHypergeo(12, 25, 32, 20, 2.5)

Biased urn models: Multivariate distributions

Description

Statistical models of biased sampling in the form of multivariate noncentral hypergeometric distributions, including Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution (also called extended hypergeometric distribution).

These are distributions that you can get when taking colored balls from an urn without replacement, with bias. The univariate distributions are used when there are two colors of balls. The multivariate distributions are used when there are more than two colors of balls.

Please see vignette("UrnTheory") for a definition of these distributions and how to decide which distribution to use in a specific case.

Usage

dMWNCHypergeo(x, m, n, odds, precision = 1E-7)
dMFNCHypergeo(x, m, n, odds, precision = 1E-7)
rMWNCHypergeo(nran, m, n, odds, precision = 1E-7)
rMFNCHypergeo(nran, m, n, odds, precision = 1E-7)
meanMWNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
meanMFNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
varMWNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
varMFNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
momentsMWNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
momentsMFNCHypergeo(m, n, odds, precision = 0.1)
oddsMWNCHypergeo(mu, m, n, precision = 0.1)
oddsMFNCHypergeo(mu, m, n, precision = 0.1)
numMWNCHypergeo(mu, n, N, odds, precision = 0.1)
numMFNCHypergeo(mu, n, N, odds, precision = 0.1)
minMHypergeo(m, n)
maxMHypergeo(m, n)

Arguments

Details

Allowed parameter values
x, m, odds and mu are all vectors with one element for each color. These vectors must have the same length. x can also be a matrix with one column for each observation. The number of rows in this matrix must be equal to the number of colors. The maximum number of colors is currently set to 32.

All parameters must be non-negative. n cannot exceed N = sum(m). The odds may be arbitrarily scaled. The code has been tested with odds ratios in the range 10^{-9} \ldots 10^9 and zero. The code may work with odds ratios outside this range, but errors or NAN can occur for extreme values of odds. A ball with odds = 0 is equivalent to no ball. mu must be within the possible range of x.

Calculation time
The calculation time depends on the specified precision and the number of colors. The calculation time can be high for rMWNCHypergeo and rMFNCHypergeo when nran is high. The calculation time can be extremely high for dMFNCHypergeo when n is high and the number of colors is high. The calculation time can be extremely high for the mean... var... and moments... functions when precision < 0.1 and n is high and the number of colors is high.

Value

dMWNCHypergeo and dMFNCHypergeo return the probability mass function for the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A single value is returned if x is a vector with length = number of colors. Multiple values are returned if x is a matrix with one column for each observation. The number of rows must be equal to the number of colors.

rMWNCHypergeo and rMFNCHypergeo return random vectors with the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A vector is returned when nran = 1. A matrix with one column for each observation is returned when nran > 1.

meanMWNCHypergeo and meanMFNCHypergeo return the mean of the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A simple and fast approximation is used when precision >= 0.1. A full calculation of all possible x combinations is used when precision < 0.1. This can take extremely long time when the number of colors is high.

varMWNCHypergeo and varMFNCHypergeo return the variance of the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A simple and fast approximation is used when precision >= 0.1. A full calculation of all possible x combinations is used when precision < 0.1. This can take extremely long time when the number of colors is high.

momentsMWNCHypergeo and momentsMFNCHypergeo return a data frame with the mean and variance of the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. Calculating the mean and variance in the same operation saves time when precision < 0.1.

oddsMWNCHypergeo and oddsMFNCHypergeo estimate the odds from an observed mean for the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A vector of odds is returned if mu is a vector. A matrix is returned if mu is a matrix with one row for each color. A simple and fast approximation is used regardless of the specified precision. Exact calculation is not supported. See demo(OddsPrecision).

numMWNCHypergeo and numMFNCHypergeo estimate the number of balls of each color in the urn before sampling from experimental mean and known odds ratios for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distributions. The returned m values are not integers. A vector of m is returned if mu is a vector. A matrix of m is returned if mu is a matrix with one row for each color. A simple and fast approximation is used regardless of the specified precision. Exact calculation is not supported. The precision of calculation is indicated by demo(OddsPrecision).

minMHypergeo and maxMHypergeo calculate the minimum and maximum value of x for the multivariate distributions. The values are valid for the multivariate Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distributions as well as for the multivariate (central) hypergeometric distribution.

References

https://www.agner.org/random/

Fog, A. 2008a. Calculation methods for Wallenius’ noncentral hypergeometric distribution. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790269

Fog, A. 2008b. Sampling methods for Wallenius’ and Fisher’s noncentral hypergeometric distributions. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790236

See Also

vignette("UrnTheory")
BiasedUrn-Univariate.
BiasedUrn.

Examples

# get probability
dMWNCHypergeo(c(8,10,6), c(20,30,20), 24, c(1.,2.5,1.8))

Biased urn models: Univariate distributions

Description

Statistical models of biased sampling in the form of noncentral hypergeometric distributions, including Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution (also called extended hypergeometric distribution).

These are distributions that you can get when taking colored balls from an urn without replacement, with bias. The univariate distributions are used when there are two colors of balls. The multivariate distributions are used when there are more than two colors of balls.

Please see vignette("UrnTheory") for a definition of these distributions and how to decide which distribution to use in a specific case.

Usage

dWNCHypergeo(x, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
dFNCHypergeo(x, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
pWNCHypergeo(x, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7, lower.tail=TRUE)
pFNCHypergeo(x, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7, lower.tail=TRUE)
qWNCHypergeo(p, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7, lower.tail=TRUE)
qFNCHypergeo(p, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7, lower.tail=TRUE)
rWNCHypergeo(nran, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
rFNCHypergeo(nran, m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
meanWNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
meanFNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
varWNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
varFNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
modeWNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=1E-7)
modeFNCHypergeo(m1, m2, n, odds, precision=0)
oddsWNCHypergeo(mu, m1, m2, n, precision=0.1)
oddsFNCHypergeo(mu, m1, m2, n, precision=0.1)
numWNCHypergeo(mu, n, N, odds, precision=0.1)
numFNCHypergeo(mu, n, N, odds, precision=0.1)
minHypergeo(m1, m2, n)
maxHypergeo(m1, m2, n)

Arguments

Details

Allowed parameter values
All parameters must be non-negative. n cannot exceed N = m1 + m2. The code has been tested with odds in the range 10^{-9} \ldots 10^9 and zero. The code may work with odds outside this range, but errors or NAN can occur for extreme values of odds. A ball with odds = 0 is equivalent to no ball. mu must be within the possible range of x.

Calculation time
The calculation time depends on the specified precision.

Value

dWNCHypergeo and dFNCHypergeo return the probability mass function for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A single value is returned if x is a scalar. Multiple values are returned if x is a vector.

pWNCHypergeo and pFNCHypergeo return the cumulative probability function for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A single value is returned if x is a scalar. Multiple values are returned if x is a vector.

qWNCHypergeo and qFNCHypergeo return the quantile function for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A single value is returned if p is a scalar. Multiple values are returned if p is a vector.

rWNCHypergeo and rFNCHypergeo return random variates with Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively.

meanWNCHypergeo and meanFNCHypergeo calculate the mean of Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A simple and fast approximation is used when precision \geq 0.1.

varWNCHypergeo and varFNCHypergeo calculate the variance of Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively. A simple and fast approximation is used when precision \geq 0.1.

modeWNCHypergeo and modeFNCHypergeo calculate the mode of Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, respectively.

oddsWNCHypergeo and oddsFNCHypergeo estimate the odds of Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution from a measured mean. A single value is returned if mu is a scalar. Multiple values are returned if mu is a vector. A simple and fast approximation is used regardless of the specified precision. Exact calculation is not supported. See demo(OddsPrecision).

numWNCHypergeo and numFNCHypergeo estimate the number of balls of each color in the urn before sampling from an experimental mean and a known odds ratio for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distributions. The returned numbers m1 and m2 are not integers. A vector of m1 and m2 is returned if mu is a scalar. A matrix is returned if mu is a vector. A simple approximation is used regardless of the specified precision. Exact calculation is not supported. The precision of calculation is indicated by demo(OddsPrecision).

minHypergeo and maxHypergeo calculate the minimum and maximum value of x. The value is valid for Wallenius' and Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution as well as for the (central) hypergeometric distribution.

References

https://www.agner.org/random/

Fog, A. 2008a. Calculation methods for Wallenius’ noncentral hypergeometric distribution. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790269

Fog, A. 2008b. Sampling methods for Wallenius’ and Fisher’s noncentral hypergeometric distributions. Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation 37, 2 doi:10.1080/03610910701790236

See Also

vignette("UrnTheory")
BiasedUrn-Multivariate.
BiasedUrn.
fisher.test

Examples

# get probability
dWNCHypergeo(12, 25, 32, 20, 2.5)