Monte Carlo simulation is a stochastic method computing trajectories of photons in media. Surface backscattering is performing calculations in semi-infinite media and summarizing photon flux leaving the surface. This simulation is modeling the optical measurement of diffuse reflectance using an incident light beam. The semi-infinite media is considered to have flat surface. Media, typically biological tissue, is described by four optical parameters: absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, anisotropy factor, refractive index. The media is assumed to be homogeneous.
    Computational parameters of the simulation include: number of photons, radius of incident light beam, lowest photon energy threshold, intensity profile (halo) radius, spatial resolution of intensity profile.
    You can find more information and validation in the Open Access paper.
    Laszlo Baranyai (2020) <doi:10.1016/j.mex.2020.100958>.

Computes the prime implicants or a minimal disjunctive normal form for a
  logic expression presented by a truth table or a logic tree. Has been particularly 
  developed for logic expressions resulting from a logic regression analysis, i.e.
  logic expressions typically consisting of up to 16 literals, where the prime implicants 
  are typically composed of a maximum of 4 or 5 literals.

Implements 'Multi-Calibration Boosting' (2018) <https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/hebert-johnson18a.html> and
    'Multi-Accuracy Boosting' (2019) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.1805.12317> for the multi-calibration of a machine learning model's prediction.
    'MCBoost' updates predictions for sub-groups in an iterative fashion in order to mitigate biases like poor calibration or large accuracy differences across subgroups.
    Multi-Calibration works best in scenarios where the underlying data & labels are unbiased, but resulting models are.
    This is often the case, e.g. when an algorithm fits a majority population while ignoring or under-fitting minority populations.

It contains six common multi-category classification accuracy evaluation measures.
 All of these measures could be found in Li and Ming (2019) <doi:10.1002/sim.8103>. Specifically,
 Hypervolume Under Manifold (HUM), described in
 Li and Fine (2008) <doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxm050>.
 Correct Classification Percentage (CCP), Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI), Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI), R-Squared Value (RSQ), described in
 Li, Jiang and Fine (2013) <doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxs047>.
 Polytomous Discrimination Index (PDI), described in
 Van Calster et al. (2012) <doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9733-3>.
 Li et al. (2018) <doi:10.1177/0962280217692830>.
 We described all these above measures and our mcca package in
 Li, Gao and D'Agostino (2019) <doi:10.1002/sim.8103>.